\u00dclkemizde \u00e7ok\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan hukuki kurumlardan biri de murislerin miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan mal ka\u00e7\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu muvaaza kurumudur.\u00d6zellikle \u00fclkemizin bir k\u0131s\u0131m b\u00f6lgesinde murisler sa\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131nda herhangi bir ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n s\u0131rf k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n miras haklar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak veya azaltmak amac\u0131yla erkek \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na yada di\u011fer kan h\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na bir ta\u0131m ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar devretmektedirler.Muris muvazaas\u0131, miras b\u0131rakan\u0131n (muris) ger\u00e7ek iradesinin miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan mal ka\u00e7\u0131rmak olmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde ba\u015fka bir hukuki i\u015flem (\u00f6rne\u011fin sat\u0131\u015f) yaparak malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devretmesidir.Muris muvazaas\u0131 kanunlar\u0131m\u0131zda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f bir kurum olmay\u0131p tamamen yarg\u0131 i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131m\u0131zla ve \u00f6zellikle,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yarg\u0131tay \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131 Birle\u015ftirme B\u00fcy\u00fck Genel Kurulunun 01.04.1974 tarihinde verdi\u011fi 1\/2 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131 Birle\u015ftirme Karar\u0131yla hukukumuza girmi\u015ftir. 74 tarihli \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131 Birle\u015ftirme Karar\u0131ndaki esaslar yine Yarg\u0131tay \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131 Birle\u015ftirme B\u00fcy\u00fck Genel Kurulunun 22.05.1987 tarihinde verdi\u011fi 4\/5 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131yla (usuli d\u00fczenlemeye ili\u015fkin eklemeler hari\u00e7) teyit edilmi\u015ftir. 16.03.1990 tarihli 1\/2 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131 Birle\u015ftirme karar\u0131nda da i\u00e7tihat de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine yer olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde karar verilmi\u015f ve \u201cmuris muvazaas\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131 kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tan\u0131m\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, muris muvazaas\u0131ndan bahsedilebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde bir i\u015flem olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131zd\u0131r. (“Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y 1. Asliye Ticaret Mahkemesi, E. 2015\/1102 K. 2020\/358 T. 25.06.2020)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n MUR\u0130S MUVAZAASININ UNSURLARI VEUYGULANDI\u011eI DURUMLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131tay 1. Hukuk Dairesi, E. 2021\/10508 K. 2022\/1957 T. 10.03.2022:”Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere; uygulamada ve \u00f6\u011fretide “muris muvazaas\u0131” olarak tan\u0131mlanan muvazaa, niteli\u011fi itibariyle nisbi (mevsuf-vas\u0131fl\u0131) muvazaa t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. S\u00f6z konusu muvazaada miras b\u0131rakan ger\u00e7ekten s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmak ve tapulu ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n\u0131 devretmek istemektedir. Ancak miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 miras hakk\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rakmak i\u00e7in esas amac\u0131n\u0131 gizleyerek, ger\u00e7ekte ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamak istedi\u011fi tapulu ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n\u0131, tapuda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 resmi s\u00f6zle\u015fmede iradesini sat\u0131\u015f veya \u00f6l\u00fcnceye kadar bakma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi do\u011frultusunda a\u00e7\u0131klamak suretiyle devretmektedir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu durumda<\/strong>, yerle\u015fmi\u015f Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda ve 1.4.1974 tarihli 1\/2 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131 Birle\u015ftirme Karar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrdeki s\u00f6zle\u015fme taraflar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek iradelerine uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, gizli ba\u011f\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi de T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu’nun 706., T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu’nun 237. (Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu’nun 213.) ve Tapu Kanunu’nun 26. maddelerinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015fekil ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan yoksun bulundu\u011fundan, sakl\u0131 pay sahibi olsun veya olmas\u0131n miras hakk\u0131 \u00e7i\u011fnenen t\u00fcm miras\u00e7\u0131lar dava a\u00e7arak resmi s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin muvazaa nedeni ile ge\u00e7ersizli\u011finin tespitini ve buna dayan\u0131larak olu\u015fturulan tapu kayd\u0131n\u0131n iptalini isteyebilirler.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Hemen belirtmek gerekir ki; bu t\u00fcr uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131, adil ve do\u011fru bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilmesi, daval\u0131ya yap\u0131lan temlikin ger\u00e7ek y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn di\u011fer bir s\u00f6yleyi\u015fle miras b\u0131rakan\u0131n as\u0131l irade ve amac\u0131n\u0131n duraksamaya yer b\u0131rakmayacak bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bir i\u00e7 sorun olan ve gizlenen ger\u00e7ek irade ve amac\u0131n tespiti ve ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 genellikle zor oldu\u011fundan bu y\u00f6ndeki delillerin eksiksiz toplan\u0131lmas\u0131 yan\u0131nda birlikte ve do\u011fru \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirilmesi de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in de \u00fclke ve y\u00f6renin gelenek ve g\u00f6renekleri, toplumsal e\u011filimleri, olaylar\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi yapmakta hakl\u0131 ve makul bir nedeninin bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, daval\u0131 yan\u0131n al\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, sat\u0131\u015f bedeli ile s\u00f6zle\u015fme tarihindeki ger\u00e7ek de\u011fer aras\u0131ndaki fark, taraflar ile miras b\u0131rakan aras\u0131ndaki be\u015feri ili\u015fki gibi olgulardan yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131nda zorunluluk vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Muris muvazaas\u0131 hukuksal nedenine dayal\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131lan davalar\u0131n hukuki dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil eden 1.4.1974 g\u00fcnl\u00fc 1\/2 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131 Birle\u015ftirme Karar\u0131, mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n ger\u00e7ek iradesinin miras\u00e7\u0131dan mal ka\u00e7\u0131rma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde uygulanabilir. Ba\u015fka bir ifade ile murisin iradesi \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n Muris muvazaas\u0131, uygulamada genellikle tapu iptali ve tescil davalar\u0131na hukuki dayanak te\u015fkil eder.Miras\u00e7\u0131lar, miras b\u0131rakan\u0131n muvazaal\u0131 i\u015flemle devretti\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n miras paylar\u0131 oran\u0131nda kendi adlar\u0131na tescilini talep edebilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Muris muvazaas\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilebilmesi i\u00e7in,a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da belirtece\u011fimiz 4 unsurun bulunmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1-)G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde bir i\u015flem olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulu, E. 2011\/359 K. 2011\/405 T. 08.06.2011:”Muris muvazaas\u0131nda, miras b\u0131rakan ile s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 aralar\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesini, genellikle sat\u0131\u015f veya \u00f6l\u00fcnceye kadar bakma akdi ile gizlerler. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fteki s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin vasf\u0131, tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u011finden muris muvazaas\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda tam muvazaa \u00f6zelli\u011fi de ta\u015f\u0131r ( \u00d6zkaya,Eraslan, \u0130nan\u00e7l\u0131 \u0130\u015flem ve Muvazaa Davalar\u0131, 1999, s.293 ).”<\/p>\n\n\n\n Muris, miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 miras hakk\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rakmak i\u00e7in esas amac\u0131n\u0131 gizleyerek, ger\u00e7ekte ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamak istedi\u011fi tapulu ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n\u0131, tapuda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 resmi s\u00f6zle\u015fmede iradesini sat\u0131\u015f veya \u00f6l\u00fcnceye kadar bakma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi do\u011frultusunda a\u00e7\u0131klamak suretiyle devretmektedir.Yani muris asl\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamak istedi\u011fi bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n\u0131 iradesini tapuda ba\u011f\u0131\u015f olarak de\u011filde sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi veya \u00f6l\u00fcnceye kadar bakma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi olarak a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 gerekmektedir.Burada g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrdeki i\u015flem sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi veya \u00f6l\u00fcnceye kadar bakma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu durumda, yerle\u015fmi\u015f Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda ve 1.4.1974 tarihli 1\/2 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131 Birle\u015ftirme Karar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrdeki s\u00f6zle\u015fme taraflar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek iradelerine uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, gizli ba\u011f\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi de T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu’nun 706., T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu’nun 237. (Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu’nun 213.) ve Tapu Kanunu’nun 26. maddelerinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015fekil ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan yoksun bulundu\u011fundan, sakl\u0131 pay sahibi olsun veya olmas\u0131n miras hakk\u0131 \u00e7i\u011fnenen t\u00fcm miras\u00e7\u0131lar dava a\u00e7arak resmi s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin muvazaa nedeni ile ge\u00e7ersizsizli\u011fi ileri s\u00fcrebilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2-)Mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n (muris) muvazaal\u0131 i\u015flemi yaparken miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 aldatma kast\u0131 bulunmal\u0131 ve bu i\u015flemin as\u0131l amac\u0131n\u0131n mirastan mal ka\u00e7\u0131rmak olmas\u0131 gereklidir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulu, E. 2011\/359 K. 2011\/405 T. 08.06.2011:”Burada, aldat\u0131lan miras\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n temlik tarihinde miras\u00e7\u0131 olup olmamas\u0131n\u0131n herhangi bir \u00f6nemi yoktur. Temlik tarihinde, miras b\u0131rakan\u0131n aldatma amac\u0131 g\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 ve iptal davas\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihte de miras\u00e7\u0131 s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 yeterlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fteki i\u015flem, taraflar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek iradelerini yans\u0131tmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, hukuki sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmamaktad\u0131r. M\u00fceyyidesi mutlak butlan olan ve ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan itibaren h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck ifade eden i\u015flem, onay veya zaman ge\u00e7mekle ge\u00e7erlilik kazanmayaca\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, i\u015flemden sonra miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k s\u0131fat\u0131 alan ki\u015filer i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli hale gelmez ( \u00d6zu\u011fur,Ali \u0130hsan, A\u00e7\u0131klamal\u0131-\u0130\u00e7tihatl\u0131 Tenkis, Mirasta Denkle\u015ftirme ve Muvazaa Davalar\u0131, 2005, s.309).”<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulu, E. 2011\/359 K. 2011\/405 T. 08.06.2011:”Muris muvazaas\u0131 ile taraf muvazaas\u0131 aras\u0131nda kas\u0131t y\u00f6n\u00fcnden farkl\u0131l\u0131k vard\u0131r. \u0130lkinde, miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, di\u011ferinde ise \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fileri aldatma ve zarar u\u011fratma kast\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu nedenle muris muvazaas\u0131nda, murisin mirastan mal ka\u00e7\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla hareket edip etmedi\u011fi \u00f6nemlidir. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n kim oldu\u011funun \u00f6nemi yoktur.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3-)Muvazaa Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulu, E. 2011\/359 K. 2011\/405 T. 08.06.2011:”Miras b\u0131rakan ile kar\u015f\u0131 taraf aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin niteli\u011fini de\u011fi\u015ftiren, hi\u00e7 bir \u015fekil \u015fart\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan, taraflar\u0131n beyanlar\u0131 ile iradeleri aras\u0131nda bilerek meydana getirdikleri, uyumsuzlu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131klayan muvazaa anla\u015fmas\u0131”<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4-)Gizli S\u00f6zle\u015fme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulu, E. 2011\/359 K. 2011\/405 T. 08.06.2011:”Miras b\u0131rakan ile kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n ger\u00e7ek iradelerine uygun olan ancak saklanan ve genellikle ba\u011f\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi \u015feklinde yap\u0131lan gizli s\u00f6zle\u015fme. Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallarla tapusuz ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n devrine ili\u015fkin gizli s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fekle tabi de\u011fildir ancak tapulu ta\u015f\u0131nmazlarda ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gizli s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin resmi \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklidir. \u015eekle ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k, yarg\u0131laman\u0131n her safhas\u0131nda taraflarca ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir, hakim taraf\u0131ndan da re\u2019sen dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n SONU\u00c7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Muris muvazaas\u0131 davas\u0131, miras b\u0131rakan\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131devirlerinin ger\u00e7ek amac\u0131n\u0131 gizleyerek miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan mal ka\u00e7\u0131rma amac\u0131yla yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131na dayan\u0131r.Muvazaa iddias\u0131 davac\u0131 taraf tan\u0131k dahil her t\u00fcrl\u00fc delille ispat edebilecektir.Muvazaa iddias\u0131n\u0131n ispat edilip edilmedi\u011fine mahkeme kabul veya red karar\u0131 verebilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Muvazaas\u0131 iddias\u0131 kan\u0131tlan\u0131rsa yani muris s\u0131rf miras\u00e7\u0131lardan mal ka\u00e7\u0131rma amac\u0131yla ivazs\u0131z devirler yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ispat olunursa, davakabul edilirve b\u00f6ylece muvaaza iddias\u0131na konu ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131ntapu kayd\u0131 iptal edilir ve miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n miras paylar\u0131 oran\u0131nda adlar\u0131na tescil karar\u0131 verilir <\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fer muris muvazaas\u0131 iddias\u0131 kan\u0131tlanamazsa davan\u0131n reddine karar verilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n